Red Light Therapy

Backed by Science

Trusted Worldwide

What is Red Light Therapy?

Red Light Therapy (RLT), also known as photobiomodulation (PBM), is a science-backed, non-invasive treatment that uses specific wavelengths of red, blue and near-infrared light to penetrate the skin and stimulate cellular repair, reduce inflammation, and enhance overall wellness. Unlike UV light, which can be damaging, red and near-infrared light are safe and beneficial. When absorbed by the mitochondria these wavelengths boost energy production (ATP), improve circulation, and activate natural repair pathways. Over time, this can support healthier skin, faster recovery, reduced pain and inflammation, and improved vitality.

What is Red Light Therapy Commonly Used For?

Red light therapy (RLT), also known as photobiomodulation (PBM), is a non-invasive treatment that uses low-level red and near-infrared light to stimulate cellular function. It is widely used for anti-aging and skin benefits by enhancing collagen production, improving skin elasticity, and reducing wrinkles and fine lines. PBM also accelerates cellular repair, reduces inflammation, and promotes an even skin tone, helping to combat signs of aging and support overall skin health. Additionally, it can aid in wound healing, hair regrowth, and muscle recovery.

Skin Health & Anti-Aging

Red light therapy is most commonly used for its benefits on skin health and anti-aging. Many of our CELLER8 red light panel customers have shared that their skin looks healthier and that they’re even receiving compliments on their complexion. Alongside this real-world feedback, a wide range of studies support the use of red light therapy for skin rejuvenation. For example, the study below looked specifically at how red LED light could help reduce visible signs of aging and improve overall skin quality.


The clinical study tested whether red light photobiomodulation could help reverse visible signs of skin ageing. 20 adults aged 45–70 used red light therapy twice a week for 12 minutes, over a period of 3 months. The light used had a wavelength of 630 nm, which is commonly associated with skin rejuvenation effects and included in all CELLER8 red light therapy panels.


From the very first month, participants began to see measurable improvements. Wrinkles around the eyes (“crow’s feet”) were reduced, skin became firmer and denser, and the oval of the face appeared less sagged. By the end of three months, results were even more significant: wrinkle depth reduced by nearly 40%, dermal density increased by almost 48%, and overall skin firmness and elasticity improved steadily. Skin roughness and pore size decreased, complexion appeared more even, and oil (sebum) production dropped by over 70% in those with oily or combination skin.


Importantly, participants reported high satisfaction, with all volunteers noting visible improvements in skin quality. These benefits persisted for at least a month after stopping the treatment, suggesting that the results reflect genuine structural and functional changes in the skin, not just short-term cosmetic effects.


Overall, this study provides strong evidence that regular red light LED therapy may support anti-ageing skin benefits such as wrinkle reduction, improved firmness and elasticity, smoother texture, reduced pore size, and more balanced skin tone.
 

PubMed: PMC10311288

Boosts Collagen Production

Collagen is the protein that keeps skin firm, smooth, and youthful but as we age, production naturally slows. Red light therapy has been shown to stimulate fibroblasts, the cells that build collagen, encouraging healthier connective tissue and skin repair.

 

One early study on human fibroblast cells found that low-dose light exposure (around 0.1–0.5 J/cm²) significantly boosted collagen production when applied daily. To put that in context, fluence (measured in J/cm²) is the total dose of light delivered, while irradiance (measured in mW/cm²) is the intensity at a given moment. In this study, the irradiance was estimated at just 2–9 mW/cm².

 

CELLER8 panels are designed to deliver both red (630nm & 660nm) and near-infrared wavelengths at higher, carefully balanced intensities. This means you can reach effective collagen-boosting doses in minutes rather than hours. And because CELLER8 panels cover a broad therapeutic range of irradiance and wavelengths, they support collagen renewal across different skin depths and needs, not just within the narrow range studied in early experiments.

 

PubMed: 8768644

Wound Healing & Tissue Repair

Red light therapy is also widely recognised for its ability to support wound healing and tissue repair. By stimulating energy production inside the cells and encouraging collagen formation, it helps the body’s natural repair processes work more efficiently. This makes it a valuable tool not just for everyday skin recovery, but also for supporting the healing of deeper tissues.

 

A large meta-analysis of 24 studies found that light-based therapy had a highly significant positive effect on wound healing in both humans and animals. The analysis highlighted several key benefits, including faster healing times, greater tensile strength in repaired tissue, increased collagen production, and smaller wound sizes during recovery. It also found that light therapy can help regulate inflammation in the early stages of healing, which is a crucial part of the repair process.

 

Overall, the evidence shows that red light therapy can play a supportive role in tissue repair and regeneration, helping the body heal more effectively.

 

PubMed: 15315732

Hair Growth Support

Red light therapy is one of the most researched non-invasive approaches for supporting hair growth. A 2021 meta-analysis reviewed 15 controlled studies with over 600 participants and found that red light therapy led to a significant increase in hair density in people with androgenetic alopecia (pattern hair loss). The analysis also showed improvements in overall hair thickness and scalp coverage compared to control groups.

 

Most of the studies reviewed used red wavelengths in the 620–678 nm range, with many centred around 650 nm, the same range used by CELLER8 panels (630–660 nm). This wavelength range is believed to penetrate to the level of the hair follicle, where it can stimulate cellular activity, boost energy production (ATP), and support follicle regeneration.

 

CELLER8 panels deliver these key wavelengths not just to the scalp surface but also deeper into the surrounding tissue. For shorter hair, the light can easily reach the follicles, while those with longer hair may choose to part the hair or place the panel closer to the scalp for more direct exposure. Aim for 3–4 short sessions per week, positioning the panel a few centimetres to around 6 inches from the scalp for consistent coverage.

 

Overall, red light therapy has been shown to be a safe and well-tolerated option for encouraging healthier, fuller-looking hair.

 

PubMed: PMC8675345

Improved Energy Levels

Red light therapy is well known for boosting energy at the most fundamental level of the body, the cell. By targeting the mitochondria (the “powerhouses” of our cells), red and near-infrared light increase production of ATP, the molecule that fuels all cellular activity. This extra energy can then be used by muscles, nerves, and tissues to perform, recover, and repair more effectively.


A laboratory study on muscle cells found that exposure to red (630 nm) and near-infrared (850 nm) light significantly increased mitochondrial activity and ATP levels, in some cases by as much as 200–350% compared to baseline. The strongest effects were seen within 3–6 hours after treatment, suggesting both an immediate and lasting boost in cellular energy.


CELLER8 panels combine 480, 630, 660, 810, 830, 850, and 940 nm wavelengths, covering the full range shown in research to support mitochondrial performance, circulation, and recovery. This makes them a powerful, non-invasive way to support higher energy levels, faster recovery, and overall vitality.
 

PubMed: PMC4355185

Pain Relief & Recovery

Red light therapy is one of the most popular ways to help manage pain and inflammation. By working at the cellular level, red and near-infrared light are absorbed by the mitochondria, the “powerhouses” of our cells, where they boost ATP (energy) production, improve circulation through nitric oxide release, and help calm the body’s inflammatory response.

 

A large international consensus review published in 2022 pulled together decades of research and found consistent benefits across a wide range of conditions. The review highlighted that red light therapy can ease pain, reduce inflammation, and accelerate tissue healing by triggering key biological pathways, including gene expression changes that promote repair and reduce pro-inflammatory signals.

 

Overall, the evidence shows that red light therapy is a safe and well-tolerated way to support the body’s natural recovery processes, making it a valuable option for anyone looking to ease pain and inflammation while encouraging better long-term resilience. CELLER8 panels covering a full spectrum of clinically researched wavelengths (630, 660, 810, 830, 850, and 940 nm). 

 

Frontiers: view study

Create Optimal Environment to Heal

One of the reasons CELLER8 users report visible improvements in skin quality, recovery, and overall vitality is that red light therapy doesn’t just work on the surface, it supports the body at a cellular level. By stimulating natural biological processes, red light helps cells produce more energy, reduce oxidative stress, and trigger regenerative pathways that allow the body to restore itself more effectively.

 

At the cellular level, red light therapy enhances mitochondrial function, boosting ATP (the cell’s energy currency) production. This extra energy helps drive essential repair processes, supports collagen and elastin production, and improves overall cellular resilience. These changes are key for skin rejuvenation, wound healing, and maintaining healthy tissue over time.

 

Improved circulation is another key benefit of red light therapy. By increasing blood flow and stimulating angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), it ensures tissues receive more oxygen and nutrients while also assisting in the removal of waste products. This helps speed up recovery, improve skin tone, and create an optimal environment for regeneration.

 

Rather than targeting just one concern, red light therapy works holistically to optimise cellular energy and function. This makes it a powerful tool for skin health, anti-aging, and overall wellbeing.

When Was Red Light Therapy Invented?

Red light therapy began in 1967, when Hungarian physician Endre Mester discovered that low-level red laser light could speed up wound healing and even stimulate hair growth in shaved mice. His findings sparked decades of research into how light interacts with living cells.

 

In the 1980s and 1990s, NASA picked up the thread, testing red and near-infrared LEDs for growing plants in space and uncovering their potential for supporting human health. As LED technology advanced through the 1990s and early 2000s, safer and more practical devices became possible, leading to the first FDA approvals and clinical adoption.

 

Today, red light therapy is no longer confined to labs or hospitals. Devices like our red light panels make use of multiple therapeutic wavelengths in a way that’s powerful, accessible, and designed for everyday use

How Red Light Therapy Works

Red light therapy works by delivering specific wavelengths of red and near-infrared light to the body, which stimulates your cells particularly the mitochondria, known as the energy factories of your cells. One key enzyme in the mitochondria, called cytochrome c oxidase, absorbs this light and becomes more active. This leads to a boost in the production of ATP, the main energy currency of the body, giving your cells more fuel to heal, repair, and perform their functions better.

 

Another important effect is the release of nitric oxide, a gas that can build up and block cellular energy production. Red light therapy helps displace this nitric oxide, allowing mitochondria to work more efficiently while also improving blood flow and oxygen delivery throughout the body.

 

Red light therapy also helps balance calcium levels through light-sensitive ion channels and activates signaling molecules like reactive oxygen species (ROS), cAMP, and nitric oxide. These signals trigger important biological responses such as reducing inflammation, fighting oxidative stress, boosting antioxidant production, and activating genes involved in healing and regeneration.

 

Stem cells and other regenerative cells respond especially well to this light, which helps explain why red light therapy can support everything from faster injury recovery and muscle repair to skin rejuvenation and even improved brain function. Unlike UV light, it doesn’t damage DNA or burn the skin, making it a safe, non-invasive tool to help the body heal, repair, and thrive from the inside out.

Apply Red Light Therapy

Signalling Molecules Released

- Light absorbed by mitochondria (cytochrome c oxidase)

- Boost in ATP production (up to 300%)

- Release of nitric oxide (NO)

- Reduction in oxidative stress

Knock-on Benefits

- Improved skin health

- Improved collagen production

- Enhanced wound healing & tissue repair

- Reduced pain & inflammation

- Better circulation

- Support for muscle recovery  

- Support for joint health

- Improved mood & energy levels

- Mitochondrial support

Apply Red Light Therapy

Cellular Response

- Light absorbed by mitochondria (cytochrome c oxidase)

- Boost in ATP production (up to 300%)

- Release of nitric oxide (NO)

- Reduction in oxidative stress

Knock-on Benefits

- Improved skin health

- Improved collagen production

- Enhanced wound healing & tissue repair

- Reduced pain & inflammation

- Better circulation

- Support for muscle recovery  

- Support for joint health

- Improved mood & energy levels

- Mitochondrial support

Will Red Light Therapy Work for My Condition?

Yes. While red light therapy is not condition-specific, it works by supporting your body’s natural healing processes at a cellular level. Red and near-infrared light penetrate the skin and stimulate your mitochondria, the energy centres of your cells, helping to boost ATP production, reduce inflammation, and improve blood flow. By creating a more energized and balanced internal environment, red light therapy can support recovery, reduce pain, and improve overall function. Whether you're managing skin issues, muscle or joint pain, slow healing, fatigue, or just aiming to optimise your wellness, red light therapy helps your body restore and thrive from the inside out.

Understanding Red Light Specifications

Wavelengths (nm)

When we talk about “wavelength,” we’re referring to the distance between peaks of light waves, measured in nanometres (nm). Different wavelengths of light penetrate the body to different depths and interact with tissues in different ways.

 

For example, red light (around 630–660nm) is absorbed mainly in the surface layers of the skin. That makes it especially useful for things like skin health, collagen support, circulation, and hair growth. In contrast, near-infrared light (810–850nm and beyond) travels much deeper, reaching muscles, joints, and even bone making it valuable for recovery, deeper-tissue repair, and circulation.

 

Our red light therapy panels are designed to give you the best of both worlds, with a precise blend of 7 therapeutic wavelengths that target multiple layers of the body:

 

480nm (Blue Light) – Supports skin health by targeting blemishes and promoting balance.

 

630nm & 660nm (Red Light) – Stimulates collagen production, improves circulation, and supports skin healing.

 

810nm, 830nm & 850nm (Near-Infrared Light) – Reaches deeper muscles and joints to promote recovery and performance.

 

940nm (Deep Near-Infrared Light) – Enhances oxygen delivery, boosts circulation, and supports nerve function at a cellular level.

 

This means that every CELLER8 session delivers light across the spectrum, from surface-level skin benefits to deep-tissue support, without you having to switch devices.

Irradiance (mW/cm²)

Irradiance is a measure of how much light energy reaches your skin, expressed in milliwatts per square centimetre (mW/cm²). The higher the irradiance, the more energy your body receives in a shorter amount of time. For example, standing closer to a panel gives a stronger dose, while moving further away spreads the light out and lowers the intensity.

 

But with red light therapy, more isn’t always better. The body follows a biphasic dose response (sometimes called the Arndt–Schulz law): low to moderate doses stimulate and benefit cells, while very high doses may reduce the effect or add no extra benefit. This is why balance is key, enough irradiance to be effective, without tipping into overstimulation. CELLER8 panels are engineered to keep you in that “sweet spot,” making it easy to get safe, effective results at home.

 

When brands advertise the “power” of their devices, they usually mean irradiance. Think of it as the brightness of the therapeutic light, but measured scientifically. The problem is that the tool used to measure it makes all the difference.

 

Solar meters – Designed for broad sunlight, not therapeutic wavelengths. They also pick up heat and stray light, often inflating numbers so a panel looks stronger than it really is. Some brands use this to their advantage in marketing.

 

Light spectrometers – Break down the exact wavelengths a device emits (e.g. 630nm, 660nm, 810nm, etc.) and measure irradiance at those precise points. This is the gold standard for red light therapy testing because it shows the true therapeutic output.

 

Some companies blur the lines claiming “spectrometer readings” while actually using inflated solar meter data. Unless you read closely, it can look like their results were measured to scientific standards when they weren’t. At CELLER8, we publish both solar meter and spectrometer data so you see the full picture. But only spectrometer results show the true therapeutic output of our panels. No shortcuts, no inflated claims, just accurate numbers you can trust.

Dose (J/cm²)

When we talk about dose in red light therapy, we’re usually referring to the amount of light energy your skin or tissue actually receives. The standard way of measuring this is in joules per square centimetre (J/cm²).

 

Joules (J) = the total amount of energy delivered.

cm² = the area of skin it’s delivered to.

 

Think of it like watering a plant: irradiance (measured in mW/cm²) is how strong the stream of water is at any moment, while dose (J/cm²) is how much total water the plant gets after a few minutes.

 

If you stand about 12 inches away from the CELLER8 full body panel, your skin receives roughly 50 mW/cm². After just 200 seconds (3.5 minutes), that equals a dose of 10 J/cm²

Beam Angle

Beam angle refers to how widely the light spreads as it leaves a red light therapy panel. A narrow beam keeps the light highly concentrated, while a wider beam spreads it over a larger area but reduces depth. Getting this balance right is key to making a panel both effective and practical.

 

CELLER8 panels use a 30° beam angle, carefully chosen to deliver strong penetration into skin and tissue while still covering a broad area. This means you don’t just get light on the surface, but also at the deeper levels where it can make the biggest impact.

 

For example, although the CELLER8 full-body panel is 41.5 cm wide, the beam spreads outward as you move away from it. At a distance of 6 inches, coverage expands to around 56 cm, and at 12 inches it reaches roughly 71 cm. So, while the panel itself has a fixed size, the light footprint you receive in a session is significantly wider.

 

In practice, this beam angle allows CELLER8 panels to provide both focused intensity when used close-up and efficient coverage when standing further back for full-body sessions. It’s this balance that makes the panels versatile enough for everyday use.

Low EMF (0µT at X inches)

EMF stands for electromagnetic fields, the invisible fields of energy that come from electrical devices. While everyday electronics like phones, laptops, and Wi-Fi routers all give off some level of EMF, many people in the health and wellness space prefer to keep their exposure as low as possible.

 

That’s why EMF levels are measured in microteslas (µT), a standard unit of magnetic field strength. Independent testing shows that CELLER8 red light therapy panels produce 0µT at 3 inches, which is effectively no measurable EMF at the distance you’d typically stand or sit during a session.

 

In other words, you’re getting the therapeutic light you want, without unnecessary electromagnetic exposure. It’s one more way CELLER8 is engineered for safe, daily use.

Pulsing & Continuous Light (Frequency - Hz)  

Most red light devices operate in one of two ways: continuous wave (the light is on the whole time) or pulsed (the light rapidly turns on and off at a set frequency, measured in Hertz or Hz).

 

Continuous light is the classic approach. It delivers a steady stream of photons to your tissues and is the method used in most studies. This is reliable, safe, and highly effective for the majority of goals.

 

Pulsed light is more experimental, but growing research suggests it may have unique benefits. Because the light switches on and off, tissues get “recovery moments” between pulses, which may allow for: deeper penetration without overheating the skin, enhanced cellular signalling and possible effects on brainwave activity, particularly at lower frequencies (like 10 Hz), which are linked to relaxation, recovery, and cognitive support.

 

CELLER8 gives you the freedom to choose both. You can run treatments in continuous mode, or experiment with pulsing across a wide frequency range (2.5–10,000 Hz). This lets you match settings to different goals, whether you want gentle recovery support, deep tissue work, or neurological optimization. And unlike cheap panels that can flicker unintentionally (causing eye strain and headaches), CELLER8 is flicker-free, meaning you get precise, controlled light delivery and never the unwanted side effects.

Other Specifications

Number Of LEDs: The number of LEDs determines how much light the device can deliver at once. More LEDs mean higher total output and broader coverage. For targeted use, the CELLER8 Desktop Panel has 70 LEDs, making it ideal for focused treatments at a desk or bedside. In contrast, the CELLER8 Full-Body Panel uses 840 LEDs, designed for full-body coverage in a single session. Both use the same carefully chosen therapeutic wavelengths, but the scale of light delivery changes depending on your needs.

 

Lifespan: LED quality matters. A long lifespan means consistent performance over years of use, without needing to worry about fading light output. Both CELLER8 Desktop and Full-Body Panels are rated for over 100,000 hours of use, which is equivalent to leaving the red light panel on consistently for 4,166 days or over 11 years! So decades of daily sessions. This durability makes either option a solid long-term investment. 

 

Power Consumption: Power consumption reflects how much energy a device draws. The CELLER8 Desktop Panel uses 91W, perfect for focused, efficient sessions at close range. The Full-Body Panel uses 1092W, delivering enough power to saturate a much larger area with therapeutic light. Both strike a balance between efficiency and performance for their intended use.

 

Input voltage: A wide input voltage range means your panel is travel-friendly and compatible worldwide. Whether you’re at home or abroad, CELLER8 panels are designed with a 100–250 volt input range, so they can be safely used almost anywhere without adaptors or special setups.

Red Light Therapy Studies

Since the 1960s, 8,000+ studies have investigated red and near-infrared light therapy, exploring its effects on everything from skin health and wound repair to energy metabolism and eye function with almost 90% of these studies have very positive outcomes. Some applications have even been cleared by the FDA, reflecting the strength of the evidence base. We’ve reviewed a wide range of this research and translated it into easy-to-understand insights. Wherever possible, we highlight the wavelengths and treatment times used in studies, so you can see how they connect to real-world use. Because CELLER8 panels offer both red (630 & 660 nm) and near-infrared (810–940 nm) wavelengths, alongside fully adjustable intensity and session length, you can closely align your own sessions with the parameters explored in the scientific literature.

Acellular Dermal Matrix

In a rat model with subcutaneously implanted acellular dermal matrix, low-level diode laser therapy (685 nm, 4 J/cm²) reduced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration compared to controls. Treated grafts showed earlier fibroblast influx (day 3) and significantly higher collagen deposition, especially by day 14. These findings suggest diode laser therapy supports integration and healing of ADM through enhanced cellular activity and tissue repair.

 

PubMed: 19593638

Acne Management

Acne vulgaris is the world’s most common skin condition, often treated with medications that require long-term compliance and carry risks of irritation, resistance, or systemic side effects. 

 

This review highlights lasers and light-based therapies as promising alternatives. Blue light (415–545 nm) targets C. acnes through porphyrin activation and has shown strong efficacy in reducing inflammatory lesions, while red light (600–650 nm) penetrates deeper, offering anti-inflammatory effects. Combining blue and red light enhances both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory responses. Other modalities, such as intense pulsed light (IPL), photopneumatic therapy, pulsed dye laser (PDL), Nd:YAG, and Er:Glass lasers, have also demonstrated efficacy in reducing lesion counts and inflammation. 

 

Notably, the newly FDA-approved 1,726 nm laser targets sebaceous glands with long-term benefits and minimal side effects. While results are promising, many trials remain small with short follow-ups, underscoring the need for larger, long-term studies. Overall, lasers and light therapies offer effective, well-tolerated options for acne management, particularly when resistance or drug side effects limit conventional treatments.

 

PubMed: 39340675

ADHD & Cognitive Function

This clinical study explored whether transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) could help improve working memory and attention in adults with ADHD. Forty-eight participants received daily sessions of near-infrared light (1064 nm) applied to the forehead for seven days, with cognitive performance tracked over several weeks.

 

The results showed significant improvements in working memory (N-back tests) and attention (Continuous Performance Test tasks), particularly in the more demanding conditions (2-back, 3-back, CPT-3, and CPT-4). The strongest effects were observed 2–3 weeks after the intervention, and those with the lowest baseline scores experienced the greatest gains.

 

Treatment was well tolerated, with only a few mild, short-lived side effects reported. The findings suggest that tPBM may be a promising, non-pharmacological approach to support cognitive function in adults with ADHD, offering benefits for both memory and sustained attention.

 

PubMed: 40244858

Age-Related Cognitive Impairment - Meta Analysis

With age-related cognitive decline becoming increasingly common and limited pharmaceutical options available, researchers are investigating photobiomodulation (PBM) as a potential non-drug therapy. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 11 randomised controlled trials to assess PBM’s effectiveness in improving cognition among older adults.
 

Overall, PBM showed a moderate positive effect on global cognitive function, with the strongest results observed when multiple wavelengths were used, compared to single-wavelength treatments. Laser-based PBM was slightly more effective than LED-based PBM, and clinical settings produced more consistent benefits than home-use devices. The review also noted that longer cumulative treatment times were linked to greater improvements in cognition.

 

Importantly, studies using transcranial PBM (light directed at the brain through the scalp) demonstrated significant benefits, supporting its potential as a targeted approach for age-related decline.

 

The authors concluded that PBM holds promise for enhancing cognitive function in ageing populations, though outcomes vary depending on treatment parameters such as wavelength, light source, and session duration. More standardised research is needed to confirm the most effective protocols.

 

PubMed: 40244858

Anxiety, Depression & Opioid Craving

This double-blind, randomised controlled trial tested whether transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) could improve mental health outcomes in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Seventy participants were assigned to receive either active tPBM or a sham treatment. The intervention involved near-infrared LED light (810 nm) applied to the forehead in nine sessions, with outcomes measured immediately after treatment, and again at one and three months.

 

The results were striking. Compared to the control group, patients who received tPBM showed significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and opioid craving scores, with improvements maintained across the one- and three-month follow-ups. These findings suggest that tPBM not only had an immediate benefit but also provided sustained relief from mood symptoms and cravings.

 

The researchers note that these effects may be linked to tPBM’s ability to enhance cellular energy production, modulate neurotransmitters, and support neural activity in regions of the brain involved in mood and addiction regulation. Importantly, the treatment was safe, non-invasive, and well tolerated by participants.

 

While the results are highly encouraging, the study also highlighted limitations such as its single-centre design and modest sample size. The authors recommend larger, multi-centre trials with longer follow-up to confirm and refine these findings.

 

PubMed: 39901090

Autism Spectrum Disorder

This clinical study explored whether low-level laser acupuncture (LLLA) could help improve symptoms and communication abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Thirty children with ASD were randomly assigned either to receive laser acupuncture twice weekly for 12 sessions or to a control group with no treatment.

 

Both groups showed some improvements in ASD severity and language performance, but the laser acupuncture group improved significantly more, with notable gains in communication. On a biological level, treatment also led to a reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, a protein linked to brain function and neuroplasticity. Interestingly, the study also confirmed that children with ASD had different levels of miR-320 expression compared to neurotypical children, suggesting its potential as a diagnostic marker, though treatment itself did not change this expression.

 

The findings indicate that laser acupuncture may be a safe and promising supportive therapy for children with ASD, offering improvements in both behavioural symptoms and underlying neurobiological markers.

 

PubMed: 37552913

Blood Flow & Vasodilation

This study investigated how red light at 670 nm influences circulation and nitric oxide pathways in vivo. In mice, short exposures of red light (5–10 minutes at 50 mW/cm²) produced a marked increase in blood flow to the hind limb, and these effects persisted for at least 30 minutes after treatment. Researchers found that red light stimulated the release of a nitric oxide precursor from blood vessel tissue into circulation, providing a mechanism for vasodilation and improved perfusion.

 

To mimic peripheral artery disease (PAD), the team restricted blood flow in one limb using an implanted constrictor. When treated repeatedly with red light over 14 days, the restricted limb showed a steady and significant restoration of blood flow, reaching near-normal levels compared to the control limb.

 

The findings provide strong evidence that 670 nm light can act as a non-invasive vasodilator by mobilising nitric oxide precursors, suggesting potential as a simple therapy for individuals with impaired circulation or ischemic conditions.

 

PubMed: 35586710

Bone Cell Growth

This study investigated how low-level pulsed diode laser light (940 nm) affects the growth of human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63), which play a key role in bone formation. Cells were exposed to different light intensities and energy doses, then monitored for proliferation.

 

The results showed a clear biostimulatory effect at lower settings: laser-treated cells at 0.5–1.5 W/cm² demonstrated significantly higher growth compared to untreated controls. Cell proliferation peaked at an energy dose of 3 J, but declined when higher doses were used, suggesting there is an optimal “sweet spot” for stimulation.

 

These findings support the idea that pulsed low-level laser therapy can encourage bone cell activity and may be valuable in tissue regeneration fields such as dentistry, nursing, physical therapy, and orthopaedics. However, further research is needed to understand the broader effects on different cell functions and to refine safe, effective treatment parameters.

 

PubMed: 23559459

Bone Regeneration - Systematic Review

Bone healing is a complicated process, often slowed down by inflammation or underlying health conditions. This systematic review examined the clinical evidence for photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), a light-based approach sometimes also referred to as low-level laser therapy and its ability to support bone regeneration.

 

From nearly 2,000 articles screened, 13 clinical studies were analysed, most using radiographs or cone-beam CT scans to measure bone changes. The findings were mixed. Around half of the studies (7) reported no significant improvement in bone regeneration with PBMT, while 4 studies showed clear benefits, including higher bone density and faster regeneration. The remaining 2 studies compared different laser parameters and found little difference between treatment and control groups.

 

The review concluded that although results are inconsistent, there is enough evidence to suggest PBMT can have a positive effect on bone repair. The key challenge lies in the wide variation of protocols with differences in wavelength, energy density, and power settings making it hard to compare outcomes across trials.

 

In short, PBMT shows real potential as a clinical tool for improving bone regeneration, but more standardised and carefully designed studies are needed before its effectiveness can be confidently established in practice.

 

PubMed: 39828883

Bone Repair - Systematic Review

Repairing bone tissue is a major challenge in regenerative medicine. This systematic review looked at 25 studies exploring how calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA), a mineral that closely mimics the structure of natural bone, works in combination with photobiomodulation (PBM), a light-based therapy known for supporting healing and reducing inflammation.

 

Across the studies, CaHA was often used in a biphasic form (combined with β-tricalcium phosphate), while PBM was most commonly applied using infrared light at 780 or 808 nm. Both therapies on their own have strong track records: CaHA is valued for being biocompatible and bone-friendly, while PBM has been widely studied for its ability to modulate inflammation and encourage tissue repair. Together, they appear to enhance each other’s effects.

 

Results showed that the combination tended to accelerate early bone formation, improve bone density, and support better tissue organisation compared to using either treatment alone. Some studies highlighted faster healing in the first few weeks, while others pointed to stronger long-term bone maturation. There were also signs of greater fibroblast activity and collagen production when both were used together, which are key factors in building strong, organised tissue.

 

That said, the research is not without limitations. Protocols varied widely, from different light wavelengths to inconsistent treatment schedules, making it difficult to establish standard guidelines. Some studies also found that certain formulations of calcium phosphate did not add benefits, and external factors like smoking could reduce the effectiveness of the therapy. Most of the work so far has focused on bone tissue, with very few studies investigating whether this approach could be applied to soft tissues such as skin.

 

Overall, the review concluded that combining CaHA with PBM shows strong promise as a strategy for bone regeneration in dentistry and wider regenerative medicine. However, more research is needed to standardise protocols and test longer-term outcomes. If these gaps are addressed, this combination could become a valuable tool in helping the body recover structure and function more efficiently.

 

PubMed: 40077345

Brain Oxygenation

This study examined how transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) with near-infrared light affects brain oxygenation in healthy young adults. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), researchers measured changes in blood flow and oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex during and after laser stimulation.

 

Participants received 10 minutes of 1064 nm laser light to the forehead at a safe, low power density (0.25 W/cm²). Results showed a consistent increase in oxygenated haemoglobin and a decrease in deoxygenated haemoglobin, leading to improved overall cerebral oxygenation. Importantly, these effects not only developed over the course of stimulation but also persisted for several minutes after treatment ended.

 

The findings suggest that tPBM can enhance cerebral oxygen supply and metabolism by stimulating mitochondrial enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase, which plays a central role in energy production. This provides a physiological explanation for the cognitive and psychological benefits reported in other PBM studies.

 

PubMed: 26817446

Cell Death Pathways

This experimental study examined how low-level infrared laser photobiomodulation (PBM) influences the expression of genes involved in cell survival and apoptosis. Mice received PBM to the ankle (talocrural joint) at either 3 J/cm² or 30 J/cm² for four consecutive days. Researchers measured mRNA levels of key apoptotic markers (FasL, Fas, Bax, Apaf1, Caspase 9, 3, 6) and the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2, alongside DNA fragmentation tests.

 

Findings showed that PBM upregulated many pro-apoptotic genes, while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio decreased at the higher dose (30 J/cm²), suggesting a reduced protective response. However, these molecular changes did not translate into actual DNA fragmentation or cell death, meaning tissue remained intact.

 

The results indicate that PBM can modulate gene expression linked to apoptosis, particularly at higher doses, but without causing measurable cell death in healthy tissues. This supports PBM’s general safety profile, while also highlighting the importance of dosing in clinical applications.


PubMed: 30721415

Cellular Effects - Redox Regulation

This study explored how Multiwave Locked System (MLS) near-infrared laser radiation (808 nm continuous + 905 nm pulsed) influences cell membranes, enzyme activity, and free radical generation in human red blood cells and breast cancer (MCF-4) cells. Doses up to 15 J were applied.

 

Results showed that laser exposure altered membrane enzyme activity (acetylcholinesterase) in a dose-dependent way, suggesting structural changes in red blood cell membranes. Importantly, key stability indicators, such as erythrocyte integrity, lipid peroxidation, and methemoglobin levels, remained unchanged, indicating no overt damage. Red blood cells also demonstrated increased antioxidant capacity after irradiation.

 

In contrast, cancer cells (MCF-4) displayed a time-dependent rise in free radical generation following laser treatment.

Overall, MLS near-infrared irradiation appears to modulate enzymatic activity and antioxidant defences, while stimulating free radical production—suggesting that redox regulation may be a key mechanism behind photobiomodulation’s effects.


PubMed: 24718669

Chronic Wound Healing

This 2021 review outlines how photobiomodulation (PBM) supports chronic wound repair by activating multiple cellular signalling pathways. PBM stimulates mitochondria to boost ATP production, triggering downstream release of growth factors that drive cell proliferation, migration, and tissue regeneration. Key pathways influenced include MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38), JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, and TGF-β/Smad, all of which regulate inflammation, angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and cell survival. By modulating these signalling networks, PBM reduces oxidative stress and inflammation while enhancing tissue repair. The review highlights PBM as a promising tool for managing chronic wounds, though more translational research and standardised protocols are still needed.


PubMed: 34681882

Common Uses in Dermatology

Red light therapy (RLT), delivered through LEDs, has become one of the most widely studied and safest non-invasive treatments in dermatology. Unlike lasers, LEDs are gentler, cheaper, and can cover larger areas without damaging the skin. Their effects come from photobiomodulation, where light at specific wavelengths interacts with cellular energy systems, influencing processes like ATP production, oxidative stress, collagen synthesis, and inflammation.

 

Because different wavelengths penetrate the skin to different depths, RLT can be applied to a wide range of conditions. Red light (630–700 nm) is able to reach the dermis, stimulating fibroblasts to boost collagen production, improving skin texture, elasticity, and reducing fine lines. Blue light (400–470 nm) remains closer to the skin surface and is particularly effective for acne, thanks to its antimicrobial effects on P. acnes bacteria. Yellow light (~540 nm) has been shown to calm redness, pigmentation issues, and swelling, while near-infrared light (700–1200 nm) penetrates deepest, supporting wound healing and tissue repair.

 

Clinically, RLT is commonly used for acne, where blue and red LEDs together reduce sebum, bacterial activity, and inflammation. It has also shown benefits in rosacea and eczema, helping calm chronic inflammation and reduce visible irritation. In psoriasis, blue and red light have demonstrated improvements in erythema and scaling. RLT is also increasingly popular in anti-aging and skin rejuvenation, where studies report improved collagen density, reduced wrinkles, and healthier complexion.

 

Beyond inflammatory skin conditions, RLT is now recognised in dermatology for addressing precancerous lesions such as actinic keratosis, sometimes with results comparable or superior to cryotherapy. It has also been trialled for certain non-melanoma cancers like superficial basal cell carcinoma. In hair restoration, red and near-infrared LEDs have been cleared by the FDA for treating androgenetic alopecia, where they help stimulate follicles and improve hair counts. Finally, near-infrared LEDs support wound healing by increasing blood flow and promoting tissue regeneration.


PubMed: 30006754

Eye Health & Vision Support 

As we age, the mitochondria in our eyes, that produce cellular energy (ATP), begin to slow down. This is particularly true in the cone cells of the retina, which are responsible for colour vision. Over time, this decline can make colours appear less vivid and overall vision feel less sharp.


Red light therapy (RLT), particularly in the long wavelength range of 650–900 nm, has been shown to help boost mitochondrial efficiency and restore some of this lost energy. By improving how mitochondria work, red light can support the function of ageing cone cells and, in turn, enhance colour sensitivity.


In a recent human study, adults aged 34–70 were exposed to just three minutes of 670 nm light in the morning. When tested later, their colour contrast sensitivity had improved by up to 17%, with benefits still measurable a full week later. Interestingly, when the same exposure was given in the afternoon, no improvements were seen, suggesting that the timing of red light makes a big difference.


This research highlights how even a brief exposure to the right wavelength of red light can support healthier vision in later life by helping the eye’s energy systems perform more like they did in youth.


Nature: 41598-021-02311-1

Eczema

This clinical study evaluated blue LED light (453 nm) in 21 patients with mild to moderate eczema. Participants received local treatment three times per week for four weeks, with a contralateral lesion left untreated as control. Results showed a significantly greater reduction in eczema severity scores in treated areas compared to controls (p = 0.0152). The therapy was well tolerated, with no side effects or adverse events reported. Findings suggest that UV-free blue light is a safe and effective option for reducing eczema lesions.

 

PubMed: 27537360

Keloid Scarring

This small case series assessed daily at-home near-infrared (NIR) LED therapy (805 nm, 30 mW/cm², 30 days) as a preventive treatment after scar revision in three patients with hypertrophic or keloid scars. Compared with untreated control scars, the NIR-treated scars showed significant improvements across the Vancouver Scar Scale, photographic assessment, and 3D profilometry up to one year post-treatment. No adverse effects were observed. Findings suggest NIR LED may help modulate wound healing and attenuate abnormal scar formation, possibly through inhibition of TGF-β1, though larger controlled studies are required.

 

PubMed: 20662038

Major Depressive Disorder

A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial published in JAMA Psychiatry tested whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) as a treatment for depression. Thirty participants with major depressive disorder received either a single WBH session or a sham treatment designed to mimic the experience without the intense heat. 

 

Results showed that those in the WBH group had a significant and lasting reduction in depressive symptoms, with improvements maintained for up to six weeks. Adverse events were generally mild, and most participants could not reliably distinguish whether they had received the active or sham treatment. These findings provide strong clinical evidence that WBH is a safe, rapid-acting, and potentially effective antidepressant therapy, warranting further larger-scale studies.


PubMed: 27172277

Microcirculation & Wound Healing

In a double-blind, randomized trial, 79 patients (diabetic and non-diabetic) with chronic lower-limb wounds received LED phototherapy (625, 660, 850 nm; 2.4 J/cm², 3×/week for 8 weeks) or control light. Laser Doppler showed significant increases in blood flow in the treated groups, alongside better wound bed scores compared to controls. These results suggest LED therapy can enhance microcirculation and serve as an effective adjunct for chronic wound healing.


PubMed: 34962147

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - Systematic Review

A 2024 systematic review analysed 8 studies (4 clinical, 4 animal) exploring the role of photobiomodulation (PBM) in multiple sclerosis. PBM, using red-to-near-infrared light, has been investigated for its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.

 

Results showed that PBM can modulate key biological pathways, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, while enhancing mitochondrial activity and neuroprotection. Clinical trials in MS patients reported improvements in motor, sensory, and cognitive function, including reductions in trigeminal pain, better muscle function, and improvements in disability scores. Animal studies mirrored these findings, showing delayed disease onset, reduced demyelination, and improved motor performance. Importantly, no adverse effects were reported.

 

The review concludes that PBM shows promising potential as a safe, non-pharmacological therapy for MS, but highlights the need for larger trials and standardised treatment protocols (e.g., wavelength, dose, session frequency) to confirm long-term benefits and optimise clinical use.


PubMed: 39329016

Nitric Oxide (NO) Signaling

This review highlights how photobiomodulation (PBM) with near-infrared (NIR) light enhances nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, a key factor in maintaining vascular health and combating cardiovascular disease.

PBM works through several mechanisms:

  • Releasing NO from heme proteins like cytochrome c oxidase.
  • Activating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), boosting endogenous NO production.
  • Enhancing reductase activity under hypoxic conditions to convert nitrite into NO.

 

These effects help restore endothelial function, improve blood flow, and protect against oxidative stress and inflammation. While most early work used NIR-I light (630–900 nm), newer studies show that NIR-II light (1000–1700 nm) penetrates deeper into tissue, offering greater therapeutic potential.

 

Clinical and preclinical studies suggest PBM can support cardiovascular health, improve circulation, and even enhance brain oxygenation and lymphatic drainage. The review concludes that PBM, particularly with NIR-II, represents a promising, non-invasive approach for boosting NO bioavailability and treating cardiovascular and neurovascular conditions.


PubMed: 36462596

Skin Fibrosis

Fibrosis develops when fibroblasts overproduce collagen, leading to stiff, scar-like tissue that replaces healthy skin. Conditions such as keloids, hypertrophic scars, and scleroderma are examples of this process, and they often resist current treatments. Red light therapy (RLT), through photobiomodulation, has been investigated as a safer alternative to existing therapies because of its deeper penetration and lack of UV-related risks.

 

This study explored how red light at high fluences (320–640 J/cm²) affects gene activity in human dermal fibroblasts. Using RNA sequencing, researchers found that RLT triggered widespread transcriptional changes within just a few hours of treatment. Importantly, it upregulated MMP1, a collagen-remodelling enzyme that breaks down excess collagen, and PRSS35, a gene linked to anti-fibrotic activity. Both results point to a potential mechanism where red light directly helps to remodel scar tissue.

 

The study also confirmed increased MMP-1 protein levels after treatment, alongside reduced fibroblast proliferation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to play a role in regulating fibrotic pathways. Together, these effects suggest that RLT shifts fibroblasts away from a pro-fibrotic state and towards tissue remodelling.

 

In conclusion, high-fluence red light was shown to influence key pathways linked to collagen production, proliferation, and oxidative stress in skin fibroblasts. By boosting enzymes that degrade excess collagen and altering fibrosis-related gene expression, RLT may hold therapeutic potential for treating skin fibrosis and related conditions.


Nature: 41598-021-86623-2

Skin Proliferation & Mitochondrial Activity - Red vs Blue Light

This study investigated how red (630 nm) and blue (463 nm) LED light affect epidermal proliferation and mitochondrial function in a human epidermal-equivalent model and ex vivo human skin.

 

Red light (2 h, 44.6 J/cm²) significantly increased keratinocyte proliferation (BrdU, Ki-67 markers) and enhanced mitochondrial activity, including basal respiration and ATP production. Extended exposure (2 h for 3 consecutive days) also boosted epidermal proliferation in human skin cultures. Blue light, under identical conditions, did not stimulate proliferation and showed no positive effects on mitochondrial activity.

 

The results support that red light promotes epidermal homeostasis by enhancing basal mitochondrial activity and keratinocyte proliferation, whereas blue light does not exert these regenerative effects.


PubMed: 37753678

Stem & Bone Cells - Systematic Review

This review compared two non-invasive approaches often studied for bone healing, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and their effects on bone cells and stem cells in laboratory (in vitro) settings.

 

Across 75 studies published between 1987 and 2016, both therapies were shown to have biostimulatory effects on key bone cell types, including osteoblasts (cells that build bone), osteocytes (mature bone cells), and stem cells. Both treatments enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation, processes essential for bone formation and repair. Importantly, LLLT showed particularly strong results in increasing the initial number of stem cells before they differentiated, which could make it valuable for future regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

 

Overall, the findings suggest that both LLLT and LIPUS could be useful tools in supporting bone regeneration, at least in controlled lab conditions. However, the review also highlighted the need for more research to determine the optimal treatment parameters (such as light wavelength, energy density, or ultrasound intensity) to ensure consistent results before these methods can be fully standardised for clinical use.

 

PubMed: 29126668

Stretch Mark Treatment

A prospective pilot study tested a 675 nm diode laser on 32 women with striae distensae (stretch marks) across the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, and breasts. Patients underwent three sessions spaced one month apart. Outcomes were measured with the Manchester Scar Scale and clinical photographs.

 

At six months post-treatment, significant improvements were observed in color, texture, contour, and overall scar scores, with the mean total score decreasing from 14.16 to 10.06 (p < 0.01). Photographic analysis confirmed aesthetic improvements in skin texture and elasticity. Treatments were well-tolerated, non-invasive, and reported only mild, transient erythema.

 

The findings suggest that 675 nm laser therapy can effectively improve the appearance and quality of stretch marks, though larger controlled studies are needed.

 

PubMed: 37241073

Parkinson’s Disease

A 2022 review examined studies on cell therapy and photobiomodulation (PBM) for Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor dysfunction.

 

Cell therapy approaches, particularly using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors, have shown potential to restore dopaminergic function, reduce neuroinflammation, and improve motor outcomes in both preclinical and early clinical studies. The effectiveness varied depending on the cell type, delivery method, and disease stage, with MSCs emerging as a leading candidate due to their neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties.

 

Photobiomodulation studies demonstrated that near-infrared light (670–810 nm) could protect dopaminergic neurons, reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve motor behaviour in animal models. Preliminary clinical trials also reported improvements in mobility, cognition, balance, and fine motor skills in PD patients, with benefits lasting up to one year. Experimental approaches, including intracranial fibre-optic delivery and combined PBM with hydrogen water, further highlighted the therapy’s neuroprotective potential.

 

The review concludes that both cell therapy and PBM are promising non-invasive or minimally invasive strategies for PD management. Their combined use may offer synergistic benefits for neuroregeneration and tremor inhibition. However, larger controlled clinical trials are still needed to standardise protocols and confirm long-term safety and efficacy.

 

PubMed: 36743130

Pigmentation Across Skin Types

This study examined the effects of repeated low-dose visible light (400–700 nm, 120 J/cm² daily for 4 days) in 31 individuals with light (Fitzpatrick I–II) and dark (Fitzpatrick V–VI) skin. In dark-skinned participants, exposure induced immediate pigment darkening and delayed tanning, whereas no visible pigmentation or erythema occurred in light skin. Molecular analysis revealed upregulation of melanogenic genes (TYR, TYRP1, DCT, PMEL, MLANA, SLC24A5) and genes linked to inflammation, matrix remodeling, and cell signaling (e.g., CCL18, BCL2A1, COMP). Notably, CCL18 was more strongly upregulated in light skin. Findings indicate that cumulative visible light exposure can trigger pigmentation in darker skin and modulate immune and remodeling pathways across all skin types.

 

PubMed: 35861041

Post-Stroke Recovery

A 2022 retrospective observational study from Taiwan assessed the impact of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) using a helium–neon laser (632.8 nm) in 34 patients recovering from their first ischemic stroke. All patients had significant disability at baseline (mRS = 4) and received standard rehabilitation, with 12 patients additionally treated with ILIB.

 

Results showed that patients receiving ILIB achieved greater improvements in functional independence, with significantly better modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores compared to the rehabilitation-only group (p = 0.028). ILIB patients also showed more gains in the Barthel Index (daily living activities), 6-minute walk test, and upper extremity motor function (FMA-UE), although these differences were not statistically significant. Interestingly, balance improvements (Berg Balance Scale) were greater in the control group. No major adverse events were reported with ILIB.

 

The findings suggest that ILIB may be a safe and promising adjunct to conventional rehabilitation, supporting functional independence in subacute post-stroke patients. However, the study calls for larger controlled trials to clarify mechanisms and confirm long-term benefits.

 

PubMed: 36219758

Traumatic Brain Injury (Cognitive Function)

This systematic review analysed six clinical studies to evaluate whether transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) can improve cognition in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

 

Across the studies, tPBM was associated with improvements in cognitive function, particularly in individuals with chronic TBI. The proposed mechanisms include enhanced cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, functional connectivity, and gray matter volume, all of which support better brain activity and recovery.

 

However, the review highlighted major limitations. There was significant variation in treatment parameters such as wavelength, dose, and protocol, making it difficult to identify the most effective approach. In addition, most existing evidence comes from small-scale trials, and there is currently a lack of large randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in this area.

 

In conclusion, while early findings are promising and suggest that tPBM could aid cognitive rehabilitation after TBI, more rigorous research is needed to confirm its effectiveness and establish standardised treatment guidelines.

 

PubMed: 38952831

Working Memory

This study investigated how repeated transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) affects brain activity and working memory in older adults. Sixty-one participants received daily tPBM for one week (1064 nm, 12 minutes per day) with follow-ups over three weeks. Cognitive performance during N-back memory tasks was measured alongside brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

 

The results showed that a single tPBM session reduced excessive brain activation in the right hemisphere during demanding tasks, while repeated sessions led to broader reductions across both hemispheres. These decreases in cortical activation were interpreted as greater neural efficiency, participants performed tasks more accurately while their brains required less effort. Notably, the benefits persisted for up to two weeks after treatment, with improvements seen in regions linked to working memory and language processing.

 

These findings suggest that repeated tPBM can promote more efficient brain function in older adults, potentially helping to counteract age-related compensatory overactivation. While the exact dosing “sweet spot” still requires clarification, the study provides strong evidence of both immediate and lasting neurophysiological changes after repeated stimulation.

 

PubMed: 37030744

Wound Healing - Meta-Analysis

This 2004 meta-analysis reviewed 24 studies (31 effect sizes) on low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and wound healing. The overall effect size was strongly positive (d = +2.22), confirming that laser therapy accelerates tissue repair. Both animal studies (d = +1.97) and human clinical trials (d = +0.54) showed benefits. Specific outcomes included faster inflammation resolution, increased collagen synthesis, greater tensile strength, shorter healing times, and smaller wound size. The high fail-safe number (509) indicated robust evidence unlikely to be overturned by unpublished negative studies. The authors conclude that LLLT is an effective and reliable tool to support wound repair.

 

PubMed: 15315732

Wound Healing - Systematic Review

This 2024 review examined 11 in vivo studies exploring how photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) alters gene expression during skin repair. Findings show PBMT consistently reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-α) and extracellular matrix–degrading enzymes (MMP2, MMP9), while increasing genes tied to regeneration and angiogenesis (bFGF, VEGF, DNMT3A). These genetic shifts indicate PBMT helps resolve excessive inflammation, stimulates tissue rebuilding, and supports balanced wound closure. The review concludes PBMT exerts a positive influence on the molecular level of healing, though further work is needed to fully map its epigenetic and DNA repair effects.

 

PubMed: 39031566

Red Light Therapy (PBM) FDA Approvals

2002 – FDA cleared PBM devices for relief of minor muscle and joint pain, arthritis, muscle spasms, and increasing local blood circulation.

2003 – FDA cleared PBM for muscle relaxation and stiffness reduction as an adjunctive therapy in physical medicine.

2009 – FDA cleared low-level light therapy (LLLT), a form of PBM, for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

2010 – FDA cleared laser and LED caps for treatment of hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) in both men and women.

2013 – FDA cleared PBM for reducing pain and stiffness associated with knee osteoarthritis.

2018–present – Continued FDA clearance for red light devices for wrinkle reduction, wound healing, and supporting recovery after cosmetic procedures (depending on device and claim).

Does Red Light Therapy Need Direct Skin Contact?

For best results, red light therapy should reach your skin directly. Clothing blocks or scatters most of the wavelengths, so bare skin exposure is much more effective than shining the light through fabric. That’s why most people use their panels at home while wearing shorts, a sports bra, or similar. 

 

Most of the benefits happen in the area you shine the light on. For example, targeting your knee will primarily affect the skin, tissue, and muscles in that spot. However, research also suggests there can be wider “systemic” effects, since red and near-infrared light support mitochondrial function and blood flow. This means some benefits may extend beyond the treatment area. That’s why CELLER8 offers both full-body panels for broader coverage and compact, localised devices when you want to focus on a specific area.

The Arndt–Schulz Law (Biphasic Dose Response)

The Arndt–Schulz law explains that living systems respond differently depending on the strength of a stimulus. Very small doses may have little effect, low to moderate doses can be stimulating and beneficial, while very high doses may actually reduce or inhibit activity. This “biphasic dose–response” (also called hormesis) shows why more is not always better.

 

What makes it relevant here is that red and near-infrared light follow this same biphasic pattern, small to moderate amounts stimulate cells, but excessive exposure may blunt the effect.

 

In practice, this means you’ll get the best results from short, consistent sessions at a comfortable distance rather than very long or overly intense exposure. For most people, that looks like a few sessions per week, positioned close to the skin, allowing light to reach the cells without overdoing it. CELLER8 devices are designed to keep you within this effective range, making it easy to stay in the “sweet spot.”

Is Red Light Therapy Safe?

Yes, red light therapy is considered very safe when used as directed. Unlike ultraviolet (UV) light, it does not damage DNA or cause sunburn. Instead, it uses non-ionising wavelengths that gently stimulate your cells. Side effects are rare and usually limited to mild, temporary skin warmth or redness if the device is used too close for too long. CELLER8 devices are tested for low EMF emissions and built with safety certifications such as CE and FDA registration, so you can feel confident using them at home or in professional settings.

Are There Any Side Effects of Red Light Therapy?

Red light therapy is generally very safe, with very few reported side effects. Unlike UV light, it doesn’t burn or damage DNA. The most common effect is mild warmth or slight skin redness if you’ve used the device very close for a long session, but this usually fades quickly. Sensitive individuals may also feel temporary eye strain if they stare directly into the LEDs, which is why it’s best to glance away or use eye comfort measures. All CELLER8 devices are low-EMF, certified, and designed for safe daily use at home or in professional settings.

Red Light Therapy Contraindications & Cautions

Pregnant Women – While no studies suggest harm, it's best to consult a healthcare provider before using red light therapy during pregnancy.

 

People with Photosensitivity – If you have light sensitivity disorders (e.g., lupus, porphyria) or take medications that increase photosensitivity (e.g., certain antibiotics, acne medications, or chemotherapy drugs), consult your doctor before use.

 

Individuals with Active Skin Cancer or Tumors – Red light therapy may stimulate cell activity, so it should be avoided over cancerous lesions unless advised by a medical professional.

 

People with Epilepsy or Seizure Disorders – Some individuals with epilepsy may be sensitive to bright light exposure. If you have a history of photosensitive epilepsy, consult a doctor before use.

 

Those with Retinal Conditions or Recent Eye Surgery – While red light therapy can be beneficial for eye health, direct exposure to strong LEDs should be avoided after eye surgery or if you have retinal damage. Always use protective eyewear if needed.

FAQs

Can red light therapy burn the skin?

No. CELLER8 panels use non-UV light, so they don’t burn or tan the skin. They provide gentle, therapeutic wavelengths only.

Can red light therapy improve vision?

Some research suggests low-level red light may help support healthy ageing in the eyes by improving mitochondrial efficiency in the retina. However, these are early-stage findings so think of any benefits as a possible “bonus,” not a primary use case.

Is a full-body panel better than a smaller device?

It depends on your goals. A full-body panel offers the most comprehensive coverage. Ideal if you want systemic benefits, convenience, and to save time by treating large areas at once. A smaller desktop or handheld device is better for targeted support, such as focusing on the face, scalp, or a sore muscle group. With CELLER8, you can choose either option (or even combine them), since both panels use the same clinically-relevant wavelengths and intensity, only the coverage area changes.

What does ‘photobiomodulation’ mean?

Photobiomodulation is simply the scientific term for red light therapy. Broken down, “photo” means light, “bio” refers to life or living systems, and “modulation” means change or influence. In other words, it’s the process of using light to positively influence biology. Scientists prefer this technical term because it captures both the red and near-infrared spectrum and the wide range of biological effects studied in clinical trials. For users, it’s easier to think of it as “red light therapy” a safe, non-invasive way of giving your cells a boost of usable energy.

How is red light therapy different from regular light therapy or infrared saunas?

“Light therapy” is an umbrella term, it can mean anything from sitting under bright light for seasonal mood support to using ultraviolet light in dermatology. Red light therapy is more specific: it uses targeted red and near-infrared wavelengths that interact with your cells, particularly the mitochondria, to support energy production and recovery. Infrared saunas, by contrast, use far-infrared heat to raise your core body temperature and make you sweat. With red light therapy, you won’t feel that same heat or detox effect, it’s a non-invasive, non-sweat approach that delivers light energy deep into tissues without overheating the body.

Red Light Therapy & Tattoos

One of the most common questions we hear is: “Will red light therapy fade my tattoo?” The good news is no! Unlike sunlight and UV exposure, red light therapy doesn’t fade tattoo ink.

 

In fact, many people use red light therapy to support their skin before and after getting a tattoo. Tattoos are essentially controlled skin trauma, and wavelengths like 630nm and 660nm (both included in CELLER8 panels) are well studied for their ability to support skin quality, calm redness, and aid natural recovery. Using red light in the weeks before getting a tattoo can help condition the skin, and aftercare sessions may support the healing environment.

 

If you already have tattoos, CELLER8 can still be used confidently for overall skin health, recovery, and wellbeing — without worrying about colour loss.

Red Light Therapy & Sunburn

“Sunburn isn’t just uncomfortable, it’s a form of skin damage caused by UV radiation. Beyond redness and soreness, repeated burns are linked to premature ageing and long-term skin issues. While nothing replaces sensible sun protection (shade, clothing, mineral sunscreen), red light therapy has been studied for both preventing and soothing sunburn.

 

Pre-conditioning the skin: Studies show that pre-treating skin with 660nm red light can reduce redness and delay the onset of UV-induced burns. In some cases, it acted almost like an SPF-15 buffer.

 

Calming inflammation: Red and near-infrared wavelengths (like CELLER8’s 630nm, 660nm, 810–850nm) are known to help regulate oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways in skin cells, supporting a faster return to balance after sun exposure.

 

Supporting repair: By stimulating mitochondria and improving circulation, red light encourages the skin’s natural repair processes, including collagen and elastin production, which can be useful for both prevention and aftercare.

 

Unlike sunlight, which bombards your skin with the full spectrum (including UV), CELLER8 panels deliver only targeted therapeutic wavelengths. With both 630nm and 660nm plus near-infrared, they provide the blend shown to be most relevant for skin health without heat or UV risk.

 

Before sun exposure: Short, consistent sessions may help condition the skin over time, making it less prone to UV redness.

 

After mild sunburn: Sessions of around 5–10 minutes, once or twice daily at close distance (a few cm to 6 inches) can help calm redness and support recovery.

 

As part of skin care: Regular use contributes to overall skin resilience, complementing your sun-safe habits.

What’s the difference between a solar meter and a light spectrometer?

When companies advertise the “power” of their red light therapy devices, they usually refer to irradiance (measured in mW/cm²). But the tool used to measure it makes all the difference.

 

Solar meters - A solar meter is designed to measure broad sunlight, not specific therapeutic wavelengths. Because it picks up stray light and heat, it often overestimates the true power of a red light panel. That’s why some brands use solar meters to inflate their numbers and make their device look stronger than it really is.

 

Light spectrometers - A spectrometer, on the other hand, breaks down the exact wavelengths of light being emitted (e.g., 630nm, 660nm, 810nm, etc.) and gives an accurate measurement of irradiance at those specific points. This is the gold standard for measuring red light therapy devices, because it tells you what’s actually reaching your skin at therapeutic wavelengths.

 

Watch out for misleading claims! Some companies add disclaimers like “Measured with a spectrometer for accurate numbers”. But if you look closely, they may have actually used both tools, recording inflated solar meter results but labelling them as spectrometer data. Unless you read carefully, it looks like the device was measured to scientific standards when it wasn’t. At CELLER8, we publish both solar meter and spectrometer readings so you can see the full picture. But only the spectrometer data tells you the true therapeutic output of the panel. No shortcuts, no inflated claims.

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Disclaimer

The CELLER8 Red Light Therapy device is used for applying Red Light Therapy sessions. It does not claim to treat or cure any medical illnesses and you should always discus any medical concerns with your doctor.